What types of turbulence are identified based on their orientation?

The identification of turbulence based on orientation is primarily categorized into horizontal and vertical turbulence. Vertical turbulence occurs when air moves up and down, often associated with convective currents or weather phenomena like thunderstorms. This type of turbulence can significantly affect an aircraft’s altitude and performance. On the other hand, horizontal turbulence involves lateral movement of air, which can be caused by wind shear or changes in airflow patterns. Understanding these orientations helps pilots and crew members anticipate and respond to the challenges posed by different turbulence types, enhancing flight safety and comfort.

The other types of turbulence mentioned in the options, while they may describe varying aspects of turbulence or its characteristics, do not relate directly to the orientation of airflow, making the first choice the most accurate for this specific classification.